Evaluation of Canon’s Strategies free essay sample

The initial segment of this examination includes an assessment of the procedures utilized by Canon and the key variables for progress. So as to being this audit, it is first important to consider how the organization has acted as of late. Table 1 gave underneath gives a general audit of the organization’s execution lately. The information unmistakably recommends that Canon has gained remarkable ground toward creating piece of the overall industry, incomes and benefit. Notwithstanding paying off its obligation to resource proportion in 2008, the association additionally expanded its investor value to affirm proportion. Table 1: Key Performance Indicators for Canon, 2004-2008 [pic] Data politeness of: http://www. standard. com/ir/yearly/2008/report2008. pdf Other markers of Canon’s achievement are given in Figures 1 and 2 beneath. These delineations give a survey of net deals and ROE/ROA for 2003-2007. Figure 1: Net Sales for CanonFigure 2: ROE/ROA for Canon Data civility of: http://www. group. com/ir/yearly/2007/report2007. pdf With the acknowledgment that Canon has performed so well as of late, it is relevant to consider the particular zones which have declared accomplishment for the association. A significant audit of the case data gave on the association recommends that there are various appropriate procedure components which have been relevant to the accomplishment of the association. Specifically the association has attempted to build up a strategic vision which it has joined on all degrees of its activities. The advancement of a managing strategic the association is basic for progress (Henry 2007). Missions give the establishment to the advancement of significant procedures which can be utilized for pushing the association toward explicit objectives (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). Notwithstanding building up a crucial vision which gave the association an order for activity, Canon likewise built up a firm system concentrated on achievable objectives for tasks. In particular, the association set the particular objective of getting 30 percent of the world market by the 1980s. Exploration with respect to the present status of accomplishing this target recommends that despite the fact that Canon has not had the option to keep up a 30 percent piece of the overall industry in the business, it has defeated contender Xerox to turn out to be second just to Hewlett Packard. Figure 3 underneath gives an audit of worldwide piece of the pie for organizations contending in Canon’s industry. Figure 3: Global Market Share for Canon and Competitors [pic] (Data kindness of â€Å"Office hardware industry profile,† 2008, p. 12) The attention on a particular objective for the association has unmistakably affected results for tasks. By utilizing this particular objective for advancement, Canon has had the option to set clear, quantifiable goals which can be assessed by the association to decide results. Defining quantifiable objectives is a significant part of building up a vital arrangement for the association (Huang, 2009). Quantifiable objectives are seen as basic to the fruitful execution of a vital arrangement which gives critical outcomes to the progressing improvement of the association. Another issue which seems to have had prominent ramifications for the effective advancement of Canon is the utilization of explicit center abilities to guarantee the results of tasks. Notwithstanding building up a key arrangement which gave clear and quantifiable destinations, the association portrayed explicit center abilities which it has had the option to streamline so as to facilitate its key goal and accomplish its objectives. An audit of what has been noted in regards to the utilization of center capabilities recommends that center skills can give the association the capacity to center advancement specifically regions (Zook, 2007). This procedure, thus, makes way for the advancement of the board practice and shapes how the association moves toward the market and its rivals. Collis and Montgomery (2008) give a progressively basic survey of center capabilities taking note of the significance of audit planned center skills with regards to the outside condition in which an association contends. As detailed by these creators, associations need to consider the outer condition and rivals in creating center capabilities. While it is apparent that center abilities must satisfy the inside needs and capacities of the association, Collis and Montgomery state that inappropriate arrangement of center skills considering contenders and the bigger business in which the association works will bring about disappointment of center capabilities to be powerful. In building up its center abilities, Canon seems to have mulled over these issues. The particular results here are seen by the way that during the 1970s, Xerox held a greater part piece of the pie, which it has therefore lost to Canon. During the 1970s, Canon perceived that the recipe for progress being utilized by Xerox was not a similar equation which it needed to seek after in the improvement of its association. In this specific circumstance, Canon decided to seek after an alternate pathway for serious turn of events; one which empowered the organization to orchestrate its inner capacities with the market condition to make a one of a kind upper hand against its biggest opponent. Due to this procedure of creating specific center abilities for tasks, Canon had the option to expand its inside capacities and utilize this as a vital favorable position in the commercial center. In summing up the general methodology utilized by Canon to build up its vital arrangement and resulting the board forms, it appears to be sensible to contend that Canon accomplished something other than place words on paper to set up an establishment for the association. Or maybe, the association built up an exhaustive arrangement for vision, procedure and improvement which were executed on each degree of the organization’s tasks. Notwithstanding portraying the bigger targets for the association, Canon built up the entirety of the middle of the road steps that would be expected to accomplish these goals. In doing as such, the association adjusted the entirety of its exercises toward the accomplishment of the organization’s by and large technique. The improvement of methodology as such is similar with what researchers note about the vital arranging and the executives forms. Kaplan and Norton (2008) affirm that the methodology arranging and advancement forms for the association regularly end in disappointment due to the powerlessness of the association to adequately execute its technique. Further, these creators attest that procedure disappointment is normal due to usage issues which show as associations endeavor to make basic associations between system targets and explicit results which will be accomplished to guarantee that goals are reached. Setting this data into the instance of Canon, it becomes apparent that these issues didn't emerge. Instead of battling to execute, the association created to devices and assets expected to adequately guarantee that it fabricated an establishment which would empower achievement. It is this particular procedure which has empowered the accomplishment of Cannon. At the point when procedure improvement is planned as something other than explicit words on paper the final product is the advancement of a key arrangement which gives solid activity steps to the association to take. With these activity steps set up, the association is better ready to control the advancement of the vital arrangement and its usage (Neilson, Martin Powers, 2008). This component of control in the key arranging process has been noted to be a significant supporter of the accomplishment of key execution. At the point when control is set up in the key arranging process, the association can direct the particular changes which will happen and react to results in a way that is comparable with the abilities of the organization and receptive to the particular outside condition which will affect the results of activities. What Other Companies Can Learn With a fundamental survey of the accomplishment of Canon in the advancement of its system gave, it is currently conceivable to think about what, on the off chance that anything, can be taken in by different organizations from this case. In looking at the turn of events and results of Canon, it becomes apparent that the particular conventions and practices which have been utilized by the association to make progress ought not be imitated by different organizations. Despite the fact that Canon has been very effective in its endeavors to build up its items and administrations, actually different organizations can't hope to utilize a similar recipe for progress and to accomplish similar results accomplished by Canon. Different organizations have endeavored to utilize this methodology in the pastâ€i. . Circuit City, K-Mart, and so on. Despite the fact that imitating another association may give a few advantages for the time being, actually the results accomplished won't furnish an association with a drawn out establishment for improvement. Despite the fact that organizations looking at the instance of Canon will be unable to utilize a similar explicit strategies utilized by the association, Canon employed various gene ral models for key arranging and improvement which could be considered by different associations. Specifically, the advancement of center capabilities for activities is a significant device which different organizations could consider for progress. An assessment of models for the advancement of center capabilities in the association recommends that organizations need in the first place a center technique for the improvement of their activities. When this center technique has been outlined, it is then conceivable to express explicit territories of authoritative advancement by appending them legitimately to the center system. Figure 4 on the accompanying page gives a conventional model of how center competency improvement for the association has been conceptualized in for interpretation of center abilities into organization

Financial Management Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Money related Management Assignment - Essay Example The dominant part partners were Vodafone Group Plc and Verizon Communications holding 45 percent and 55 percent stakes individually. In the past the two gatherings have attempted to procure higher stake in the element. Yet, the arrangements between them bombed on different occasions because of disappointment in showing up at right cost for the arrangement. At a certain point of time Verizon suspended profit payout to Vodafone for a long time which numerous investigators see as a move that was planned for pushing Vodafone to leave the endeavor. The essential explanation behind such intention was get higher proprietorship in Verizon Wireless that had become the third biggest telecom substance in United States in extremely modest quantity of time. the dealings in regards to stake deal flopped in the past on the grounds that Verizon Communication evaluated that genuine estimation of Verizon Wireless was around $100 billion and it was eager to pay this add up to Vodafone to leave the ende avor. In any case, Vodafone gauges that subsequent to including the immaterial viewpoints and future capability of Verizon Wireless in regularly developing US and European markets ought to be a lot higher (approx $130 billion). In this manner, the arrangement was effectively struck that was near 10 years really taking shape (Financial Times, 2013). The terms and states of the arrangement are so settled upon between the two substances that the adjustment in proprietorship structure won't sway the administrations to odd 100 million clients of Verizon Wireless. The securities exchanges responded emphatically to the arrangement declaration. The offer costs of Vodafone flooded to multi year high in the universal securities exchanges in this way expanding shareholders’ riches by taking complete market capitalisation of the organization to every new high (Reuters, 2013). Interestingly the offer costs of Verizon Communications rose by roughly 3 percent on the day when Vodafone formally reported the arrangement. Increasingly explicit subtleties of the arrangement uncovers that Vodafone will get about $59.8 billion in real money; remaining $60.1 billion

Lab 3 Determinates of Water Hardness

Assurance of Water Hardness Using a Titrator Heather Crall Chemistry 1 SMT-271044 10/17/2012 Abstract From seeing the entirety of my outcomes and end I currently observe that I didn’t comprehend this lab well indeed and that it is difficult when others attempt to help. Since I have hard water it reveals to me that my water streams over and through rocks and minerals, similar to limestone. Reason The motivation behind this lab is to get comfortable with the idea of water hardness. We discover that hard water contains significant levels of broke up minerals that are as metallic ions.Most of Ohio which is the state I live in either has tolerably hard water or hard water. For as my town the city is moderate and the nation is hard. Methodology 1) Put wellbeing things on 2) Place the stopcock in the shut situation on the finish of the titrator and load up with 10 mL of EDTA arrangement. 3) Put a folded up paper towel under the titrator and permit a couple of drops of the answer for fall into the towel. Thusly it fills the tip of the titrator at that point close and discard the towel. At that point place the 100 mL measuring utencil under the arrangement. 4) Use the graduated chamber to quantify precisely 10 mL of faucet water from your sink. ) Pour the faucet water into the recepticle then include 5 drops of pH 10 cradle arrangement. Twirl cautiously the blend in the measuring glass. 6) Read the volume of EDTA in the titrator and record the underlying volume. At that point gradually open the stopcock and include 1 drop at once while whirling the mixture.7) Once the arrangement turns a light blue-dim shading turn the stopcock off then record the last volume in the titrator. 8) Repeat stages 4-7 and fill in Table 1. 9) Pour the remainder of the substance down the channel Data Table 1: EDTA titration volume| | Initial EDTA Volume (mL)| Final EDTA Volume (mL)| Total Volume of EDTA Used (mL)| Trial 1| 9 mL| 7. mL| 1. 6 mL| Trial 2| 8 mL| 6. 6 mL| 1. 4 mL| Trial 3| 7mL| 5. 2 mL| 1. 8 mL| Average Volume of EDTA Used (mL): 1. 6 mL | Data Table 2: Water Hardness| Average Volume of EDTA Used (mL)| Concentration Ca^2+ particles per Liter of Water (mol/L)| Water Hardness (ppm CaCO3)| 1. 6 mL| 0. 015 mol/L| 1,500. 9 ppm CaCO3| Results A) Based on the examination of your nearby water, okay arrange its hardness as delicate, moderate, hard, or extremely hard? Clarify your answer. My water is reasonably hard despite the fact that it’s the city we despite everything have plumbing issues because of our dirt and the minerals in our town.The nation all has hard water so the arrangement with rust and greater stops up than the city. B) Approximately what amount of calcium would you ingest by drinking eight 8-oz glasses of your nearby water? Clue: 1 oz(fluid ounces) =29. 57 mL 8oz= 236. 56 236. 56*8= 1,892. 48 mL taking everything into account it appears as if my outcomes have come to show that I have hard water when taking a gander at the last chart how ever to have it state 1,500 discloses to me that my outcomes is conceivably inaccurate. From what I comprehend it shows that the calcium carbonate is exceptionally high in my town.

Essay on “Operations and Logistics Management”

Essay on â€Å"Operations and Logistics Management† Introduction Logistics management as the governance supply sequence functions as gone under some transformations in the recent past. The activities involved in the logistics management like; outbound and inbound fleet management, inventory management, materials handling, warehousing, transportation management, order fulfillment, supply/demand planning, logistics network design, and management of other logistics service and product providers, has also grown and led to adoption of new ICT systems. These logistics functions do include; packaging and assembly, sourcing and procurement, customer service, scheduling and production planning. The functions have seen the use of ICT systems like GIS, GPS, Warehouse Management Systems, Transport Management Systems, among others. The systems have helped in execution and planning all parts of the logistics management from the tactical, operational to strategic parts. In addition, the systems have helped in integrating the functions which coordinates all the logistics activities. The other functions of finance, sales manufacturing, marketing, and information technology, have also improved. This has helped the way companies manage the supply chain. The paper will try to evaluate the key components of logistics management. In addition, the major ICT systems in the logistics plus their benefits and challenges in adopting an applying the technology will be analyzed. Operations Management and Logistics In any organization, operations are the base of functions. This is whether the company is a nonprofit or service industry or manufacturing. The operations management and logistics involves various disciplines like; human resource management, quality management, product development, logistics, and information technology. The operations of the company encompass the performance management of the building or design engineers in delivery performance, prediction of production, and quality-feedback loops. Moreover, the plan of the information architectures and supply chain management are also included in the operations management. There are both the practical and theoretical techniques and tools of management operations. These entail the analysis of operational performance of companies and explaining them in according to quality, time, and cost. In addition, the performance improvement is considered by redesigning new business processes (Tomaz, 2011, p. 1136). The main aim of operations and logistics management are to create suitable services and goods. This should be, in accurate quantity and quality and, to distribute them at the correct time and place. This leads to a considerable contribution in the operations of the organization. The operations and logistics management in a business set up includes; management, implementation, and design of systems, for the efficient use raw materials, personnel, finished goods, physical facilities, information, process inventories, products or services. This encompasses the entire supply chain that runs from acquirement of raw materials, production stage, to consumption point. The management of logistics and operations needs the knowledge of computers, quantitative models, and effective communication. The objectives and goals of logistics and operations management are to move gods, products, and services from the manufacturer, to the consumer through the supply chain. This should move at the right ti me and place (Abrahamsson, 2004, p. 96). This is the reason why the logistics managers have a significant role to play in liaising with the retailers, manufacturers, customers, and suppliers. The manager of a logistics company has various roles. These duties can include; warehousing, stock control, transportation, and monitoring, the flow of materials and goods. In addition, the day to day running of activities and making sure that cost, quality, and the supply chain is efficient and meets the right standards are the duties of a logistics manager. The job needs skills like; providing leadership, monitoring stock, keeping records, relating with suppliers and customers, managing receipts, and dispatch and storage of goods. In addition, strong organizational and leadership skills are required for the job. This is because quick decisions are expected in the supply chain. ICT and Supply Chain Management There is a relationship between ICT and supply chain management. This relationship has led to various studies and academic research. However, the discussion of the relationship has been fragmented and limited. There are components of ICT that are related to the supply chain management. In addition, there are also some interrelation between the supply chain management and ICT. This is in the leading applications and components of the ICT systems. The e-SCM is a new technology in management in relation to ICT (Ilia, Elmazi Bazini, 2011, p. 35). The supply chain management has seen the rise of the electronic supply chain management that has different components. This has given rise to opportunities for firms. The components have enhanced and improved the operations of firms that have employed the use of e-SCM. Managing of the supply chain has changed tremendously over the years. The supply chain involved the use of manual tracking systems, face to face management, wired communication links, paper dominated order processing systems. These were the management tools and ways in which the logistics managers operated initially. These tools and techniques have become obsolete over the past years. The tools and systems have given way to more developed systems and methods. Many nations have adopted the use of the modern systems in their supply chain management methods. The firms in these countries have successfully experimented with the knowledge management and supply chain networks (Rudberg Olhager, 2003). The experience has led to the adoption of the new systems that incorporate the use of ICT. The new methods have been used in the supply chains, in governments and business sector. This has made supply chain management gain much significance in the marketing field. This has made SCM become a vital marketing process that has an affirmative sway on the shareholder value. The supply chain networks, however, are becoming more complex. This is because of the global imbalance in the labor market. These costs force the firms to source from other countries that have cheaper labor. This is to help the firms to control their production costs so as to remain competitive in the market. The other reason as to why the SCN are becoming more complex is because of customers and consumers of products and services of various firms. They are increasingly becoming more sophisticated. The customers are demanding more customized products, in the markets. They want services, products, and goods that can better meet their various needs. The product variations in the market make the demand forecasting even trickier. The firms are made to predict on both the option mix and volumes. This is instead of the solitary demand model that they were accustomed in the production of products for customers. Moreover, the increased various product types have resulted, into a larger numbe r of manufacturers and suppliers, to administer higher harmonization costs. This has made the firms that are in the same supply chain, to coordinate with each other, so as, to optimize their processes. The complex network of warehouses, suppliers, factories, and distribution and retail centers, make the success of the SCMs to be difficult. This calls for better management of the system components in order to succeed in the complex networks. The success has called for the coming of information in the chain. This has made information become the main player in recent years in shaping the efficiency of a multifaceted enterprise (Shavazi, Abzari Mohammadzadeh, 2009, p. 2072). The aptitude of a business to route information and make quick, but, the correct decisions are the key to a promised growth. Therefore, it has become essential to estimate and forecast the supply and demand of the unprocessed materials. This is from the point of sale locations and reorganizing the structure of business where it is needed. An organization needs to integrate both the material flow and information so as to realize the objectives and goals of a system. The integration can make the system be, in a posi tion, to provide access to information, execute, and help in decision making processes. The significance of ICT in operations and logistics management has seen the increase of capital spending in information and communication technology in many countries. This is because the impact of ICT has been felt in the different sectors of the economy. The effect has been seen from the conceptual models that have been undertaken. The empirical ground models are the ones that have been presented so far. These studies have indicated that ICT has a significant and positive impact on the economic growth and labor productivity. ICT is expected to maintain to have a fundamental part in the management of the supply chains in the future. The use of ICT is more significant in fast moving industries, more so, in managing the modern supply networks. Furthermore, the relationship of the ICT and SCM makes it difficult to determine the one that contributes and has more benefits than the other. This can be shown by the example of implementing the VMI6-model with the EDI7-information transmiss ion that can lead to a considerable reduction of inventories. In addition, the implementation of the scheme leads to an augment in the material accessibility. The question is to determine if the benefits can be achieved without the use of EDI. For example, the exchange of the information by use of fax has effects. The other option is if it is possible to exchange of the information using another method. He considerations of the benefits and impacts of ICT should be done with most favorable situations and recording the results. Transport and Logistics Services The high quality availability of transport and logistics services (TLS) has improved management of supply chain. This has become a significant aspect in the competitiveness and growth of the economy. There are impacts and barriers that are involved in the information and communication (ICT), in logistics and transport services. This affects the users of the ICT logistics. In addition, there are several types of ICT use, application areas, future and barriers of application of the ICT use. The ICT systems have been useful in improving the systems of transportation in the supply chain. This calls for further investing for firms that use the logistics and transport in their services. The focus and evaluation should entail new technologies, which will streamline the processes further. The systems should allow for the sharing of information with partners in the same supply chain. In addition, the systems should add more and deliver value to employees, customers, and shareholders. The flow of services and goods between the manufacturers and customers should be improved by the use of new ICT systems. The integration of transport, information, warehousing, packaging, material handling, inventory, and security is enhanced by use of ICT systems. The systems add value to the logistics channel part of the supply chain. They help in utilizing the time and space used in the supply chain. Furthermore, the systems help in solving some of the complexities involved in the production logistics. They model, visualize, analyze, and optimize the supply chain by use of simulation software’s (Kiisler, 2008, p. 372). The logistics and transport services are a significant component of a flourishing economy. They enable the movement of services, people, and goods efficiently. These components should arrive at the right destinations at the right time and retained in the right quality and quantity. This should happen as they respect the levels of service that are involved in the process. ICT systems are significant in managing TLS organizations. This is because the firms need to manage their information efficiently and effectively in order to integrate various activities. The activities involved include; warehousing, distribution, fleet management, outbound and inbound transportation. This should be managed effectively so as to streamline the physical flow of services and products to consumers. ICT systems help in having the precise information, at the exact place, and at the correct instance. This is significant in the paradigm of physical goods and services. The systems give equal application in the administration of information. The TLS companies can employ the use of e-business technology in their businesses. This will help in enhancing their productivity and efficiency. In addition, an integrated approach in developed. This links the transport modes in more innovative methods. In the end, there is an enhancement in the value of services that are offered. The ICT logistics users in different firms across the world acknowledge the significant of the systems in their services. The impact and barriers of the information and communication (ICT) in their operations is significant. The systems developed have increased the efficiency of logistics and transport components in their firms. The transport facilitation involves the harmonization, simplification, and standardization of the international transport methods to realize proficient trading networks. In addition, the transport procedures are automated, and their fundamental operational activities are incorporated in the ICT system (Harland Lamming, 2001, p. 23). The integration of ICT in logistics and transport is a significant exploit in achieving accuracy, reliable, speedy flow, and cost reduction of the information and goods. The companies that are involved in transport and logistics services, therefore; need to invest more in new technologies. These will help the firms to streamline their services and processes, by allowing the sharing of information with the associates in the supply chain. In addition, the systems help in adding more value to the shareholders, employees, and customers services. The impacts of ICT are significant in the benefits and cost areas. Conclusion The conventional ways of managing the supply chain have transformed over the years. The systems that have been in place like; face to face management, paper dominated order processing systems, manual tracking systems, and wired communications are changing. These are the tools that the supply chain managers have been using. This has changed to new systems like extranet and intranet, e-business, e-procurement, electronic internet marketing, and the use of internet in the administration the supply chains. The digitization and information technology has impacts on supply chain and their management. The various aspects and components of ICT have effect on the varied parts of the SCM. The managers are provided with ideas on how ICT can be used and employed in the improvement of the management supply chain systems. In addition, the internet growth has provided the supply chains with various significant opportunities in service improvements and cost reduction. Furthermore, the internet gives access to knowledge and information in an inexpensive and faster way. However, the internet alone is not enough in ensuring efficiency and responsiveness. In achieving success, the supply chain should be designed to achieve an efficient flow of products. The electronic supply chain management has the opportunity for future and, hence firms should take advantage of the opportunities presented. The observations that have been made in theory and practical studies give varied operations and strategies in different tracks, in different directions (Storey, 2006, p. 276). Organizations that have with active business environments with additional marketing channels, heavier market segments, high pressure on profit margins, increased globalization on supplier and customer side, results to competitive weakness. The improvement of the industrial distribution, dynamic challenges, and management of the interaction between market operations and strategies should be employed in the dynamic busine ss environment. The theories in the market logistics, strategies, flexibility, and

Slavery - 1001 Words

Slavery was like an addiction that the south could not break. Although it provided economic benefits to both the north and the south, the addiction or â€Å"curse† bound the people to the downfalls of slavery as well. Slavery created an oligarchy of which a small aristocracy of slave-owners would dominate political, economic, and social affairs of both blacks and whites. The institutions negative impact on the South, and even the entire nation would eventually lead to a great tragedy: the civil war. Although the institution of slavery oppressed enslaved individuals, the effects were felt beyond the large slave population. Often, â€Å"the whites of the [southern] region were also touched by an institution [slavery] which was central to their way†¦show more content†¦Slavery may have helped produce abundant amounts of cotton cheaply, but it also cursed those who were tangled in the grip of this â€Å"peculiar institution†. Wealthy slaveholding families also dom inated politics on both a regional and national level in the ante-bellum era. Slavery, like land, was seen as a sign of wealth, and wealth would provide families with the means to educate their children at private institutions. These families would lose their â€Å"investments† (slaves), if slavery was outlawed, therefore the system was â€Å"at the core of southern politics, determining issues and influencing men† (192). The need to defend slavery even led to the ultimate demise of the Whig party in the south. Slavery, according to Carl N. Degler, â€Å"gave a new, but false, unity to southern political thought† (192). Although the institution of slavery may have unified the south, the effects were temporary, and southern political freedom was cursed with restrictions. The political ideals of the south established by the cursed institution of slavery would eventually clash with northern abolitionists to cause the great American tragedy, the Civil War. The South ’s addiction to slavery in the early 1800’s would lead to great impacts on the region, as well as the nations. Slaveries economic blessing came at the price of the nation’sShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery Essay2080 Words   |  9 PagesThere has been an ongoing debate on whether Christianity condoned or condemned slavery. In this essay, I will discuss how slave owners used biblical context to uphold the institution of slavery. I will begin analyzing scriptures in the bible that pertain to slavery. It is in my belief that the Bible did not condone slavery in the way that slave owners upheld slavery. I do not argue against that there were not slaves by bondage but they were not enslaved against their will but through the will ofRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pages This was the period of post-slavery, early twentieth century, in southern United States where blacks were still treated by whites inhumanly and cruelly, even after the abolition laws of slavery of 1863. They were still named as ‘color’. Nothing much changed in African-American’s lives, though the laws of abolition of slavery were made, because now the slavery system became a way of life. The system was accepted as destiny. So the whites also got license to take disadvantages and started exploitingRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery999 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch and taking the Slavery footprint quiz I realized just how much my life and lifestyle depended on slavery. I, like most people, do not think about where my clothes came from or where the diamond in the engagement ring came from; subsequently, I alone depend on 43 slaves. 43 individuals somewhere in the world are being forced to work or work for little to nothing. I cried after reading about prese nt time slavery because like most people in today’s age, I believed slavery ended in President Lincoln’sRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery933 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery, up to this point has progressively gotten weaker. In 1787 slavery is made illegal in the northwest territory. In 1793 Eli Whitney made the cotton gin making the demand for slaves increase. In 1820 the missouri compromise was written to ban slavery in all states above the northern missouri border. 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The origins of the widespread African slavery in America as we know today started in early colonial America when people needed cheapRead MoreSlavery, Racism, And Slavery Essay1779 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery began before racism in North America. To prove this I will provide an analysis of chronological events that displayed acts of slavery and racism. With that being said, Initially I will be delving into the earliest implementations of slavery in North America. That being Jamestown Virginia 1619. Secondly, analysing an extract from 1655, where an African man named Anthony Johnson claimed to own another black individual, John Casor as his property. Subsequently, moving onto Winthrop D Jord anRead MoreThe Slavery Of Slavery And Slavery944 Words   |  4 Pagescondemn slavery. The South also used religion as their argument, but instead, they used the Bible to argue that slavery was an acceptable part of life. People have questioned whether it was right or wrong of the South to use the bible to support their beliefs in slavery. Some would say that pro-slavery southerners had every right to use the Bible to support their beliefs. When Northerners began to use the Bible against slavery, southerners used this same argument to support it. Slavery was a practiceRead MoreSlavery : Slavery And Slavery901 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America started in 1619 when settlers brought over African Americans to Jamestown, Virginia. The slaves came to Jamestown to work on the tobacco plantations. The slaves were also sent to other colonies such as South Carolina to work on the cotton plantations. Slaves were people who worked for no pay. This caused the land owners to make more profit from their plantations because they didn’t have to pay their workers. Southern slave owners, specifically in South Carolina, relied on slavery

The Ejercito Zapatista De Liberacion Nacional - 1830 Words

The Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacià ³n Nacional (EZLN) is a current revolutionary group that resides in Chiapas, Mexico. Chiapas is state with a large majority of the population that has indigenous blood. With that being said they are very connected to their indigenous roots compared to other countries. With the start of the Mexican Revolution there were many people living in poverty and without land. Large amounts of wealthy Mexicans were owners of the grand majority of the land. A main problem that many believed that was resolved with the end of the Mexican War was the redistribution. Sadly, this phase of the war never reached Chiapas. For decades they were living in poverty and working for others. Consequently, many indigenous people ultimately revolted with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), because it made the peasants lose more money than they originally had. With the Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacià ³n Nacional (EZLN) it demonstrated that the indigenous people were proud of their roots and that they would do anything to keep their dignity even if they were still peasants. MEXICAN REVOLUTION The start of the Mexican Revolution came about with the dictatorship of Porfiro Diaz. Porfiro Diaz was the president who came after Benito Juarez, the first indigenous president of Mexico. At Diaz was liked by many of the elite in Mexico due to the fact that they were able to gain wealth. One often forgets about the other side when wealth is being gained on oneShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Is A Source Of Anxiety Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesare movements that promote alternative forms of globalization, which support the breaking down of national borders, but reject the economic inequality found in capitalist systems. One such movement is Mexico’s Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejà ©rcito Zapatista de Liberacià ³n Nacional, or EZLN). The EZLN promotes a far-left ideology based around a mixture of anarcho-socialism and traditional Mayan ideals. Their primary concern is resisting the encroachment of the state and of industry on their

Does Right to Life Include Right to Die free essay sample

No work can be successful without the guidance and blessing of elders and this work is no exception. It is a matter of immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my faculty Hon’ble Prof. S. K. Gaur for his guidance and excellent insights which gave direction andfocus to this paper. I thank him for lending his precious time in making this assignment anauthentic piece of work. He regularly guided me. I also owe sincere gratitude to the staff at library for always helping in the process of finding material and other sources for research. I am very grateful to my senior Mr. Animesh Kumar and all the individuals involved in the subgroup for their contributions and assistance in compiling this assignment and the recommendations that go with it: they are the outcome of an open, interactive and creative cooperation. I also thank social networking site for searching the required information in precise and as per needed. I also thank social networking site for searching the required information in precise and as per needed. How I can forget to give credit and my satisfaction to my friends. My institution and family really supported me throughout in my endeavours to which I am honoured to thank. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty â€Å"Article 21 reads as: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to aprocedure established by law. † The phraseology may be negative, but it has conferred an obligation on the state to ensure good quality of life and a dignified life to the people, which is the positive aspect of the article. According to Bhagwati, J. , Article 21 â€Å"embodies a constitutional value of supreme importance in a democratic society. †Iyer, J. , has characterized Article 21 as â€Å"the procedural magna cartaprotective of life and liberty. This right has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic and progressive provision in our living constitution, the foundation of our laws. Article 21 secures two rights: * Right to life; and * Right to personal liberty. The Article prohibits the deprivation of the above rights except according to aprocedure established by law. Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his â€Å"life† or â€Å"personal liberty† by the â€Å"State† as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by a private individual is not within the preview of Article 21. Article 21 applies to natural persons. The right is available to every person, citizen or alien. Thus, even a foreigner can claim this right. Right to Life: An Introduction The term â€Å"life† as mentioned in the Article has been given a broad meaning by theSupreme Court. Right to Life does not merely mean the continuance of a person’s animalexistence but a quality of life. In the case of Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, theSupreme Court quoted with approval Field, J. ’s observation in Munn v. Illinois, and held: ‘By the term â€Å"life† as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed. The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body by amputation of an arm or leg or the pulling out of an eye, or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the outer world. ’ In Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, the Supreme Court reiterated with theapproval the above observations and held that the â€Å"right to life† included the right to lead a healthy life so as to enjoy all faculties of the human body in their prime conditions. It would even include the right to protection of a person’s tradition, culture, heritage and all that gives meaning to a man’s life. It includes the right to live in peace, to sleep in peace and the right to repose and health. In P. Rathinam v. Union of India, the Supreme Court defined â€Å"Life† as follows:â€Å"the right to live with human dignity and the same does not connote continued drudgery. It takes within its fold some of the fine graces of civilization which makes life worth living and that the expanded concept of life would mean the tradition, culture and heritage of the person concerned. In Olga Tellis, the Supreme Court has emphasized that the term â€Å"life† in Article 21 is not only restricted to mere animal existence of a person. It means something more and â€Å"the inhibition against the deprivation of life extents to all those limits and faculties by which life is enjoyed. † No Right to Die or Commit Suicide Can the right to life be interpreted to such an extent which leads to its self destruction or self opposition? That is, can it include within its ambit the right not to live or the right to die? The wordEuthanasia comes from the Greek – â€Å"Euthanatos† derived from the words ‘eu’ meaning good and ‘thanatos’meaning death. It is the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependant human being for his or her alleged benefit. Somehow the meaning of Euthanasia is explained in light of suicide while suicide is, many agree, considered as murder except that it is the victim who is the author himself. One of its kinds is assisted suicide which happens when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. â€Å"The word â€Å"euthanasia† is somewhat ambiguous and has several possible meaning. Hence it is appropriate to explain what we mean by the term whenever it is used. For the purpose of this assignment, euthanasia will mean the act of ending the life of a person from compassionate motives, when he is already terminally ill or, when his suffering has become unbearable† Euthanasia is the intentional premature termination of another persons life either by direct intervention (active euthanasia) or by withholding life-prolonging measures and resources (passive euthanasia), either at theexpress or implied request of that person (voluntary euthanasia), or in the absence of such approval (non-voluntary euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia where the individual wishes to go on living is aneuphemism for murder. Passive euthanasia is usually defined as withdrawing medical treatment with a deliberate intention ofcausing the patients death. For example, if a patient requires kidney dialysis to survive, not giving dialysisalthough the machine is available, is passive euthanasia. Similarly, if a patient is in coma or on a heart lungmachine, withdrawing of the machine will ordinarily result in passive euthanasia. Similarly not giving lifesaving medicines like antibiotics in certain situations may result in passive euthanasia. Denying food to a person in coma may also amount to passive euthanasia. Euthanasia and Suicide were clearly defined in the case NareshMarotraoSakhre v. Union of India J. Lodha stated- â€Å"Suicide by its very nature is an act of self-killing or self-destruction, an act of terminatingone’s own act and without the aid or assistance of any other human agency while Euthanasia or mercy killingon the other hand implies the intervention of other human agency to end the life. Mercy killing is therefore notsuicide and an attempt at mercy killing is not covered by the provisions of Section 309. The two concepts areboth factually and legally distinct. Euthanasia or mercy killing is nothing but homicide whatever thecircumstances in which it is performed. † Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code1860, punishes a person convicted of attempting to commit suicide. There had been difference of opinion on the justification of this provision to continue on the Statute Book. The question came for consideration for first time before the High Court of BombayinState of Maharashtra v. MarutiSripatiDubal. In this case the Bombay High Court heldthat the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 includes right to die, and the Hon’ble High Court struck down Section 309 of the IPC which provides punishment for attempt to commit suicide by a person as unconstitutional. Further in ChennaJagadeeswar v. State of A. P. , the Andhra Pradesh High Court held that the right to die is not a fundamental right under Art. 21 and hence Section 309 of I. P. C is not unconstitutional. In P. Rathinam v. Union of Indiaa Division Bench of the Supreme Court,supporting the decision of the High Court of Bombay in MarutiSripatiDubal Case, heldthat under Article 21 right to life also include right to die and laid down that section 309 of Indian Penal Court which deals with ‘attempt to commit suicide is a penal offence’ unconstitutional. A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in GianKaur v. State ofPunjab,overruled the decision of the Division Bench in the above stated case and has putan end to the controversy and ruled that Section 309 of IPC was neither violative of Article 21nor Article 14. The court held that the â€Å"right to life† under Article 21 did not include â€Å"the right to die. † As observed by Justice J. S. Verma :â€Å"Any aspect of life which makes it dignified may be read into Article 21 of the Constitution but not that which extinguishes it and is therefore inconsistent with the continued existence of life resulting in effacing the right itself†. ‘Right to life’ is a natural right embodied in Art. 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life and, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of ‘right to life’. Referring to the protagonists of euthanasia’s view that existence in persistent vegetative state was not a benefit to the patient of terminal illness being unrelated to the principle of ‘sanctity of life’ or to the ‘right to live with dignity’ the Court said that this argument was of no assistance to determine the scope of Article 21 of the Constitution for deciding whether the guarantee of ‘right to life’ therein includes the ‘right to die’. The Court made it clear that the ‘right to life’ including the right to live with human dignity would mean the existence of such right upto the end of natural life. This also includes the right to a dignified life upto the point of death including a dignified procedure of death. This may include the right of a dying man to also die with dignity when his life is ebbing out. But the ‘right to die’, with dignity at the end of life is not to be confused with the ‘right to die’ an unnatural death curtailing the natural span of life. The court reiterated that the argument to support the views of permitting termination of life in such cases (dying man who is terminally ill or in a vegetative state) by accelerating the process of natural death when it was certain and imminent was not available to interpret Art. 1 to include therein the right to curtail the natural span of life. ARUNA RAMCHANDRA SHANBAUG v. UNION OF INDIA Recently,Passive euthanasia has been made legal in India. On 7 March 2011 the Supreme Court of India legalised passive euthanasia by means of the withdrawal of life support to patients in a permanent vegetative state. The decision was made as part of the verdict in a case involving ArunaShanbaug, who has been in a vegetative state for 37 years at King Edward Memorial Hospital. Facts: Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug was a staff Nurse workingin King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai. On the evening of 27th November, 1973 she was attackedby a sweeper in the hospital who wrapped a dog chain around her neck and yanked her back with it. He triedto rape her but finding that she was menstruating, he sodomized her. To immobilize her during this act hetwisted the chain around her neck. The next day on 28th November, 1973 at 7. 45 a. m. a cleaner found herlying on the floor with blood all over in an unconscious condition. It is alleged that due to strangulation by thedog chain the supply of oxygen to the brain stopped and the brain got damaged. She was bed ridden for past 37 years. The Court rejected active euthanasia by means of lethal injection. In the absence of a law regulating euthanasia in India, the court stated that its decision becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suitable law. Active euthanasia, including the administration of lethal compounds for the purpose of ending life, is still illegal in India, and in most countries. While rejecting Pinki Viranis plea for Aruna Shanbaugs euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for passive euthanasia. According to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of treatment or food that would allow the patient to live. As India had no law about euthanasia, the Supreme Courts guidelines are law until and unless Parliament passes legislation. The following guidelines were laid down: 1. A decision has to be taken to discontinue life support either by the parents or the spouse or other close relatives, or in the absence of any of them, such a decision can be taken even by a person or a body of persons acting as a next friend. It can also be taken by the doctors attending the patient. However, the decision should be taken bona fide in the best interest of the patient. 2. Even if a decision is taken by the near relatives or doctors or next friend to withdraw life support, such a decision requires approval from the High Court concerned. 3. When such an application is filed the Chief Justice of the High Court should forthwith constitute a Bench of at least two Judges who should decide to grant approval or not. A committee of three reputed doctors are to be nominated by the Bench who will give report regarding the condition of the patient. Before giving the verdict a notice regarding the report should be given to close relatives and the State. After hearing the parties, the High Court can give its verdict. CONCLUSION Euthanasia, too, is a controversial subject, not only becausethere are many different moral dilemmas associatedwith it, but also in what constitutes its definition. Atthe extreme ends of disagreement, advocates sayeuthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, orphysician assisted suicide, is a merciful method of death. At the other end are opponents of euthanasia, who mayconsider this method as a form of murder. After the detailstudy of various states legislations and the detail study ofthe cases, still the matteris a question of debate that whether Euthanasia is asuicide or dignified end of life. Many state legalize Euthanasiabut in the high profile state as well as in IndiaEuthanasia is not permitted even after their broaderverdict that right to life means dignified life and this rightto life include dignified end of life too. To provide an ultimate healing touch for the dying, thelogical, the common sense, the compassionate approachfor Euthanasia can be legalized by the interference of lawand legislation for the permissive Euthanasia society. And so far as the misuse is concern it is known that everyboon possesses some curse, even Code of MedicalEthics (Sec. 33 of Indian Medical council Act 1956) mayalso be treated as a safeguard while legalize Euthanasia as a safeguard for the curse. Thus this right to dignified end of life should bebestowed upon the individuals, family, physicians and thesociety at large with necessary dogmatic mechanism. Adecision in time can avoid torment to the dying, canrelease recourses to save other retrievable lives andavert emotional and fiscal agony to the survivors.

The French Revolutinary Wars Essays - T. C. W. Blanning,

The French Revolutinary Wars THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS: 1787-1802 The French Revolutionary Wars: 1787-1802, by T. C. W. Blanning, is a super Work of historiography. Far more ambitious than its modest title suggests, it is the history of the French Revolution as well as a military and diplomatic history of Europe from 1787 to 1802. Blanning enriches our understanding of the Revolution by placing it in its European context, by showing how it affected and was affected by France's neighbors. He is especially well placed to take on this task. Not only has he written extensively on the French Revolution; he has written a book on Mainz under the Old Regime and the revolutionary republic, another on the French occupation of the Rhineland, and two biographies of the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II. [1] He is one of the few historians who can move comfortably from France to Germany to the vast Habsburg empire stretching from Belgium to the Balkans, and he has filled in the remaining gaps with extraordinarily vast reading. Among the thousand or so footnotes in The French Revolutionary Wars are references to works in German, Italian, Spanish, and Russian, as well as French and English. Yet this book is more than a tour de force of erudition. It is a richly textured, engaging narrative punctuated by cogent, often brilliant analysis. Blanning begins by arguing that French defeat in the Seven Years' War (1756-63) stimulated reforms in the army which are normally associated with the Revolution: the breaking up of armies into smaller, more flexible divisions; the use of columns in addition to lines; an increasing reliance on light troops; and the use of artillery. More controversial, however, were the reforms introduced in 1787 and 1788, which slashed the number of officers in an army that was, in Blanning's words, absurdly over-officered (p. 19). These reforms, coinciding with the revolt of the parliaments, added fuel to the fire of the aristocratic revolution by alienating many of its leaders, who were not only parlementaires but army officers. They guaranteed that the army would not serve the king when he needed it to suppress the insurrection in Paris in July 1789, and indeed pushed the officers to make common cause with the Third Estate. Thus Blanning provocatively but convincingly claims, In part at least, the French Revolution was a military coup (p. 28). In addition to the hated military reforms, Blanning argues that an unpopular alliance with Austria contributed to the discrediting of the monarchy and that, more directly, the crown lost its legitimacy when it failed, ostensibly due to bankruptcy, to respond to the Prussian invasion of the United Provinces and the suppression of the pro-French Dutch Patriots in 1787. The narrative continues with an account of the first two years of the Revolution, when Russia, Prussia and Austria were preoccupied with Poland--which they would soon partition out of existence--and therefore relatively uninterested in developments in France, despite some occasional counter-revolutionary sabre- rattling. Yet this period of deceptive isolation from the European states-system (p. 42) ended in the spring of 1792, when an unlikely coalition of Girondins and monarchists (including the king himself) provoked war against the equally unlikely coalition of Prussia and Austria, countries that had been at war for more than fifty years. Blanning tells the dreadful story of war and revolution from September 1792, when thousands of suspected traitors were butchered in Parisian prisons, to August 1793, when the revolutionary Convention declared total war against external and internal enemies alike. He describes the terrible process by which the war escalated both beyond and within French borders: republican victories in the autumn of 1792 brought Britain and the Dutch Republic into the war. To fight against this growing coalition, the revolutionary government was forced to adopt conscription, and conscription, more than any other single issue, provoked and fuelled the revolt of the Vendee and the civil war which according to Blanning killed some 400,000 people. The author goes on to describe the spectacular series of revolutionary victories from August 1793 to the spring of 1795, by which time France had nearly reached its natural frontiers through the conquest of Belgium, the Dutch Republic, and most of the left bank of the Rhine. He explains these victories largely in terms of French numerical superiority, but also emphasizes the government's power to requisition vast quantities of arms and to execute commanders judged insufficiently aggressive on the battlefield. In addition to indigenous factors, Blanning cites the allies' infighting and lack of commitment to the war with France as crucial to French victory. Next Blanning

The Online Profits Training Program Is Open

The Online Profits Training Program Is Open The Online Profits Training Program Is Open The Online Profits Training Program Is Open By Daniel Scocco After I mentioned the 10 Deadly Business Mistakes You Should Avoid report last week some readers emailed me saying they were interested in joining the training program. If you are among those, you can do so today, as we just opened the doors to 300 more members. Just visit OnlineProfits.com to get all the details and signup. The number of spots is limited because I personally answer to all the questions that members post on our private forum, and this takes a lot of time. We also prefer to keep a limited number of members joining at every launch because it becomes easier to manage customer support and to make sure that no client will get disappointed. Finally, if you are not sure what Online Profits is about, it is basically an Internet marketing training program that will teach you all you need to know to start building websites and online businesses. I am the founder, but the training material was created by ten world-class experts, each with a different expertise. The training modules range from domain names to affiliate marketing, from social media to search engine optimization. Check it out if you thing it could be the right program for you. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire Youâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Grammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

List and briefly describe at least five of the programs included with Essay

List and briefly describe at least five of the programs included with Microsoft Office 2010. Provide an example of when you might use each one - Essay Example It is a valuable program for analyzing numerical figures. This program is very helpful in making budget reports, calendars or invoices (Microsoft Corporation, n.d.) The PowerPoint program enables the user to make powerful presentations (Microsoft Corporation, n.d.). It now allows easier coordination with other people through co-authoring which makes it possible for collaborators to work at the same time on one presentation (Microsoft Corporation, n.d.). It is used to make office report presentations and slideshows. This program â€Å"creates professional quality publications and marketing materials† (Microsoft Corporation, n.d.). Publisher is a valuable program for making advertising materials, newsletters, greeting cards and brochures. This is the database program of Microsoft Office. It is used to manage and organize information with the use of its templates and other modular components. This program is very useful in setting up a database of a company’s customers. It is also beneficial for creating database for an organization’s workforce. Microsoft Corporation. (n.d.). Whats new in PowerPoint 2010? Retrieved February 17, 2012, from Microsoft Corporation Web site: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/powerpoint-help/what-s-new-in-powerpoint-2010-HA010336563.aspx Microsoft Corporation. (n.d.). Word 2010 features and benefits. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from Microsoft Corporation Web site:

Privacy Rights in Domestic Relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Privacy Rights in Domestic Relations - Case Study Example According to some, the case was decided fairly, and within the boundaries of constitutionality and fairness. However, to others, it was a monstrous atrocity committed in the name of upholding the constitution. Much of this opposition came from the pro-lifers who saw this as a reaffirmation of a law that promoted what was tantamount to mass murder in their eyes. The laws were seen by â€Å"Pro-choicers† as a burden to women and aimed at creating restrictions, which resulted in the embarrassment that would eventually force women to carry the unwanted pregnancy to term. The case is significant in helping to show that the abortion law in America contrary to popular belief is more of constitutional than family law. This is underscored in that the only clause that was struck out from the five was the one requiring a woman to show evidence of her husband’s acquiescence to the operation. This was done on the basis that it occasions an undue burden on the woman, and may interfer e with the woman’s freedom to have an abortion (4LawSchool.com, n.d.). In this case, the issue of privacy is unequivocally relevant since those who had brought it forward wanted women to be able to have abortions on the strength of their own convictions, without being forced to consult their spouses of parents. Prior to the ruling, a married woman could not have simply had an abortion without her husband’s concept. Yet the fetus was in her and any health implications would be on her besides, a pregnancy will interfere with the woman’s life more than the man’s (Lloyd, 2011). Furthermore, the child might not be the husbands hence the need for an abortion. The disclosure would have traumatized the woman, and she may have carried the pregnancy to term rather than own up. The same case applied to minors having to seek permission from their parents. This amounts to an invasion of their privacy since if a girl has problems communicating with her parents, she may end up keeping the pregnancy until it was too late out of fear. Had I been a j udge in the trial, I would have struck down all the five requirements because abortion is allowed; there is no reason for it to be made harder for women than it has to be.  

The major Marks and Spencers stores Essay Example for Free

The major Marks and Spencers stores Essay -Retailing in local stores We had a lesson in ICT class on watching a video on Marks and Spencers who showed us on the way there retailing works in their local stores around the country (England). The way ICT is used. ICT controls everything that goes on in the major Marks and Spencers stores. As one lady in the video tells us about how many things where manual (human working) in the store round 50 years ago. And how many people have lost their jobs by computers replacing them. This shows us how much progress the store has made in only a short about of time. As we carried on watching the video many people who worked in the company were showing us the first thing on how they use ICT. This was having barcodes on every product that was brought in to be sold. The barcodes that were placed on the side of the products were for * The specific numbers to show were they would be placed * When they were bought in and the out of use date and time. The barcodes were made to make life more easer for the stocking for the assistants and cashers. Although the cashiers need a basic knowledge on how to use a computer and how to operate the machines. The store also has ICT lasers. The lasers are mainly at the checkout tills. The cashiers use the lasers to scan on the bar codes to send a message to a larger computer, which tells them that the product or item is sold or bought so there will be a need to replace the certain stock. Costumers As the lady explains to us we are told that since 50 years ago everything has changed to automatic as before it was manual labour work. The complaint of the very new ICT department is that little corner shops are suffering and losing their businesses. The ICT department are giving people a choice of from where they want to order (if they are have a computer with internet access) they are capable of ordering from the home. Every Marks and Spencers shop have each hand held terminals, which we are given the shortened name of HHT. Hand held terminals The jobs which HHT do is *They record what needs to be stocked up or when they sell out of certain products this is recorded and is sent to the suppliers to tell them that more items are needed to go on the shelves. Manual jobs (mainframe) Employers off the store stock company stock the shelves manually when the company receives the product. Most off the products have certain times to be bought in and also have a certain time of which it is delivered the times are as follow; 1. 10 am (morning) 2. 12 oclock (noon) 3. 4 pm (evening) When the products are brought in for stocking it has to first scan the type of product it is then by the belt it will be taken up in the required lane and in for the right department for the item. Then it is taken in to the drop plan, which the product is needed for and ticked off. The drop plan is located above the product off, which it is placed in. Delivery Marks and Spencer has got loads of delivery vans all over the world. The vans gave a tracking device that allows the managers to see whether they will be on time for stocking and where they are located in the country to see if theyve taken a brake and for how long. They can also track how fast there driving. Marks and Spencer have worked out this plan and believe that it is the fastest way of delivery. But everything has a problem and with this it has some of its own. Like * Traffic jams (has risks to everything) * Pollution (problems to the environment) If things go wrong what will happen? If some think goes wrong in the department it is located by a traffic code system. When these lights go on 1. Red 2. Blue The red is for alert and the blue will go of if some think is incorrect. Although if anything does happen like a power cut the store has a back up system which automatically goes on before anything or anyone is hurt or something serious has happened. These sort of things hardly ever happen as we are told by the lady in the video it only happens every 10 years. Conclusion From this video that I have just watched I see that Marks and Spencer has to do a lot of things before it is all nicely presented to us. Marks and Spencer is a very common shop and for every new shop opened 200-300 local shops are put out of business but we live in a very competitive world and have to learn how to put up with these things. This is hard business. The video has told me that ICT is a very useful thing in the world off business we live in today.

Mark Twain :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuel Clemens was born and grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. This was the home of his later characters Tom Sawer and Huck Finn. In these books he incorporated such features that really existed in Hannibal; features such as Holidays Hill, Bear Creek and Lover’s Leap. Clemens described the residents of Hannibal as happy and content with the lives they led in their small town.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his late teens, Clemens left Hannibal on a riverboat to become a printer in St. Louis. He moved up in the ranks of printing and moved to New York and eventually to Washington D.C. Clemens remembered how much fun he had had on the riverboat and how glorious it must have been to be a pilot. He soon decided to move to New Orleans to become a pilot. On the boat, he often heard things like ‘Mark the twain, two fathoms deep’. He liked how the words â€Å"Mark Twain† sounded and in one of his first books, ‘Life on the Mississippi’ about his four years piloting the Spread Eagle along the twisting river, he decided to use the name Mark Twain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mark Twain stopped piloting the riverboat in 1861, at the start of the Civil War, to join the Union. He went to war for two weeks and left immediately after being involved in the shooting of a civilian. He said he knew retreating better than it’s inventor did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He soon decided to travel 1,700 miles from the Missouri Territory , to the Nevada Territory. He passed through Overland City, Horseshoe City, and many large and small cities in between.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clemens commented that Salt Lake City was healthy. He said that the city had one doctor who was arrested once a week for lack of work. Virginia City was very lively from all of the gold and silver found near. He commented that the saloons, courts and prisons were busy and there was a whiskey mill every fifteen steps.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inspired by the vein of silver as wide as a New York City street under Virginia City, Twain decided to go prospecting. Many people went prospecting crazy but Twain thought it must have skipped over him. After not finding any silver, he wrote a book called Roughing It.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clemens soon went to San Francisco and took a job at the San Francisco Times. From them he got the title of â€Å"The Most Wild Humorist of the Pacific Slope†.

Descriptive Essay on Dementia Family Member Essay

Imagine if you had a dreadful disease that took away your memory and you could no longer remember familiar people, places or events. This is what is happening to my Grandma. She has been diagnosed with vascular dementia and it has been detrimental to her life and her mind, and I hate to think about what it will do to her in the future. She is 80 years old and is still able to live alone, however her son lives across the road from her. Other than having dementia, she is a healthy person. She has always been a caring and loving person that has always taken care of others. Dementia has drastically changed her life. She has always been very caring and supportive toward all of her family. She babysat all 4 of her grandchildren when we were younger. She would always cook the best eggs and homemade biscuits for breakfast. We would look forward to her breakfast every day. She picked all of us up from school almost every day. Now she does not hardly drive anymore for fear she might get lost because she doesn’t remember how to get to all the places she used to could because of her disease. She would always cook her delicious fried chicken, rice and a scrumptious homemade chocolate cake for every family member’s birthdays. It breaks my heart to think that now she does not even remember our birthdays. Read Also:  Descriptive Essay Topics for High School Students Dementia is detrimental to her mind. Our family did not realize anything was wrong, until one day she went to her doctor, but could not find his office. She said she stopped at a couple offices, but could not find the right one. Luckily she made it back home. She sometimes calls me by my cousin’s name and cannot remember the names of people that she used to know well. She used to also keep books for my Granddad’s fertilizer business, but now she is no longer able to even balance her check book. She misplaces items, such as her wallet, car keys, and checkbook, daily. I am afraid to imagine how this disease will slowly destroy my grandma as it continues to progress. She is taking medication to slow down the progression of the disease, but there is no cure for dementia. Right now she is in the  mild stage of dementia. Our family can see a few symptoms of the moderate stages of dementia appearing and are dreading the day that we will start noticing the severe stages. When that time comes she will not be able to care for herself and will need someone there 24 hours a day. Dementia is hard on grandma, but it seems to be harder on our family. Dementia has gradually crept into her life over the past year. It has changed the way she has always lived and is gradually taking her memory. She does still make her delicious eggs and homemade biscuits every morning. The future doesn’t look good, but she takes it one day at the time. It is a shame how a disease can take the mind of an otherwise healthy person. 1. Your essay must be at least 5 paragraphs long, but may be more. 2. Each paragraph must have 5 well-developed sentences, but may have more. 3. Your essay must have an introduction with an easily identifiable, developed thesis with three valid points. 4. Your essay must have three, developed body paragraphs, each expressing one of the points from your thesis. 5. Each body paragraph must stick to one and only one point from the thesis. 6. Your essay must use standard grammar. 7. Your essay must be interesting, use real-life examples, and have good style and tone. 8. Your essay must be descriptive, show rather than tell, and engage the senses. 9. Your essay must be organized in a meaningful way. 10. Your essay must have a logical conclusion.

Are people always an organizations most valuable asset - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3940 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Are people always an organizations most valuable asset? Why or why not? An organization in the simplest explanation is an entity that consist of a person or a group of people that are put together to achieve a certain goal. An organization is best viewed as a system that is unified to achieve goals. Organizations should also have vision, mission, values and so forth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are people always an organizations most valuable asset?" essay for you Create order The term business has grown into a term of complexity compared to when it was decades ago. This complexity refers to the modern era business. Business has definitely grown alongside the expansion of technology. For example, the use of Internet has enabled business transactions online; an ease of use for consumers as less energy are needed to travel about purchasing items. The term human capital refers to the importance of people in a business or an organization. The importance here is derived from the actuality that people are the contribution to the growth and development of a business or an organization. Human capital is an intangible asset and it cannot be handled the same way as the other aspects in an organization. This is because it is the employees that actually own their human capital instead of the organization. Any expenditure on employees, training and so forth is not an expense, instead, should be viewed as an investment. With the ever expanding business line and branches, evermore, people are an organizations most valuable asset. The idea that organizations compete through people highlights the fact that success increasingly depends on an organizations ability to manage talent, or human capital. Importance of human capital The primary reason for the need of people in an organization is that, people are the fuel of an organization to run, maintaining the organizations structure and so forth. Without people, an organization will not exist and will never accomplish their function. Then, numerous grounds can be linked to the importance of human capital. The 5Ms Factor of Production listed machines, materials, money, management of time and man. Capturedsfs.JPG Source : Managing Human Capital for Optimum Performance Competition In this era of business, it is a good start to keep in mind that as the days go by, competition is on the rise. Change is a major aspect in todays business, everything is fast-paced and hustled. It will be easier to think that you can maintain one product which is a success, but as a note, others may adopt and improve on your product, here others would have a win against you. A situation worth from the current economy that could exemplify competition is the Apple vs. Microsoft debate. Microsofts recent market cap is $235billion whilst Apples $5billion further, at $240billion. It was a shock to most as Microsoft have long been the pioneer. A little trip back to history is worth a mention. In the year 2000, when Microsofts worth around $500billion and Apple was still on the brink with about $16billion. With this risen situation, there will be an ongoing debate on whos the bigger household and there will be predictions from all directions. For example, investors will have a puzzle to crack; Apple would resemble a wildcard while Microsoft will remain as a safe investment and vice versa. Then again, it will all fall down to what type of investors the person is; a risk-taker or a moderate investor and so forth. With the above mentioned, apart from the general thumb rule, competition is simple to comprehend. It is worth acknowledging the growing tide of competition and taking steps to stay relevant in the market, increasing the competitiveness of the firm. Knowledge and Growth and Development Knowledge refers to a command of a body of gathered fact. Knowledge comes from discovery, past experiences and more. In a workplace, communication with the environment can bring knowledge or even so, acquiring knowledge from co-workers. And, as a human, the unexplainable intuition will remain unexplainable. Some call it instinct, sourced from survival of the fittest, while others call it an innate human capability that everyone possesses, the only difference is whether you are aware of it or you are not. With knowledge comes growth and development. People are the reason for an organizations growth. The contribution of each of the employees can be a milestone in an organizations performance and achievements, particularly, if an employee is motivated, he or she would make a significant difference in the organization. However, growth and development happens when an organization adapt, learn, improve and not excluding the possibility of failing, but failing will never be the end unl ess it is let be. Talent and Skill The word talent refers to the innate ability that one is born with. Talent is an important aspect as a part of an organizations most valuable asset. On the other hand, a skill refers to learned abilities. The previous generations will enter retirement sooner or later. There are a lot of young people surfacing, starting on their careers. Skills and talents are often overlooked. Managers have to realize and efficiently manage the potential of their employees because placing people in a wrong job position can be a big loss to an organization. Managing employees skill and talent would bring a better work performance and also a personal growth for the employees. A talent is hard to find and even harder to replace because the demand for talented people are permanent and relatively high. Economist Intelligence Units prestigious CEO Briefing2007,1 CEOs of global organisations believes that to acquire and develop talent would be one of the top challenges for growth in the future. Commitment Motivation The word commitment may bring different meaning to different individual. But, in the case of human capital, a commitment should be taken seriously by employers and employees. As a basic understanding, a better commitment of an employee would bring a greater work productivity result. Then, an old saying may come into picture, though clichà ©, but it is true; people have got to love what they do. For example, placing Anne on a marketing sales front; a very efficient worker altogether that is inclined more to being an introvert. It is important to note here that, putting people in a wrong work position can be a loss to a firm or an organization. Clearly, Anne may get her work done but she may not be performing as well as Luke who is an extrovert and love work that requires communicating with people. However, it is not a worst case scenario, just that they will lack incentives in doing what the job requires. Commitment of the employers can be associated with many things, particular ly, in improving their talent management skills to instil motivation in their employees. Employers should keep in mind that their employees have the choice of change in their hands; they can choose to be motivated or not to be. Research shows that across industries, 20% of the employees are fully engaged or slightly engaged, 20% are working against the organization and the rest are not engaged at all. As they say, men have the capability of ARI (Act, React, Interact). The motivation for the employees can be achieved through listening, recognition, appreciation and just. There are many little things that can be done to generate motivation. For example, employees should be included in organizational changes and building their pride and spirit as well as increasing the opportunity of personal growth at work. The reward system such as Employee of the Month award could also boost ones motivation or through trainings and bonding. When workforce is affected by commitment positively, employ ers will benefit through a success in the market and employees will learn that they are the greatest assets of the organization. Research shows that an employee that feels engaged at work, often have a better work productivity. In supporting this statement, it would best represented by Tiorios statement; You can employ men and hire hands to work for you, but you must win their hearts to have them work for you. Creativity Creativity is often associated with thinking outside of the box, thinking differently than how most people do. This is important in an organization if a desire to excel is present. As competition is rising with every passing minute, it is vital for an organization to generate creativity that in return would establish a uniqueness of the organization. This uniqueness may vary from one industry to another. As a general comprehension, it is a fresh idea in the industry that puts the organization a few steps ahead of their competitors. However, it is important to note that creativity may come from various ways. The story of a girl from California who changed her life will be used to illustrate how creativity can differ but matter at the same time. Andrea Wachner, was a girl who dreaded high school and left for New York right after graduation to pursue her love for drama. Then, one day she receives a high-school reunion after ten years. She knew the fierce competition back in high sc hool would not just go away even after the ten years. So, she hired a stripper(Andrea was a drama geek back in the day, so this was in the unsuprising zone) to attend as her at the reunion. Wachner also hired a film crew to pretend that they were filming a documentary. They communicated through the ear piece. With the outcome of that night, Wachner made a 40 minutes documentary of it. Then, Hollywood received news about Andrea Wachner. Today, Wachner has attended CNN and Good Morning America, writes movie script and shopping a reality television series and more. One step that she has taken, opened many other doors for her. The lesson from this story is that it is best to know who you are and what your strengths are and infuse the two together. Though the story was based on an individual, the same principle can be applied for an organization. The key point here is that we have to think outside of the box to improve. Conclusion As human technology develops, so do the surrounding that is affected. An organization can only be called an organization if there were people in it. It is the people that will determine the direction magnitude of the business. People are the most valuable asset as they are they fuel or the sense of an organization; human lives would not have sense without people in it. People have many more great potential contributions to an organization that makes the valuable. Therefore, this report will end with Excerpt 1 in the Appendix, by the father of human capital; Gary S. Becker. The interview is unaltered as it holds a thorough message regarding human capital. Appendix Excerpt 1 In October 1992, the Royal Swedish Academy awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences to Gary S. Becker, University Professor of Economics and Sociology at the University of Chicago. Becker was cited at the time for extending the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction, including non-market behavior. A big part of the research for which Becker was recognized was his work on human capital, and specifically the return on investment of education and training. His 1964 book Human Capital was a landmark study and for all practical purposes first put the concept on the map as a subject worthy of economic discussion. Since then, he has both continued his research, expanding and refining the topic even more, and also stimulated hundreds of books, articles, and treatises of other scholars and commentators who have replied to, challenged, or extended his original thinking. It would not be overstating the case to say he spawned an intellectual indu stry of debate about the most fundamental topic now in the New Economy. We were delighted to have the opportunity to talk about human capital, more relevant than ever, with this founding father of the topic. Follows are some excerpts of the LiNE Zine interview, conducted with Gary in late February at the University of Chicago. LiNE Zine : Its been almost forty years since your first work on human capital and almost a decade since your Nobel Prize. How has your thinking evolved or changed on this topic since then? Becker: Well, the first edition of my book was 1964, and there were subsequent editions in the 1970s and 1990s. Of course Ive learned much since then. We were really dealing with virgin territory in the early days; I suffered a lot of criticisms for applying the notion of capital to people, to human beings. We had to overcome a lot of initial opposition. Looking back, some factors have become more important recently and in a few other cases I see that I didnt re ally give certain factors enough attention. The New Economy seems to have increased the value of education. In the early 1970s, it looked as if the returns for a persons investment in education were going down. Dick Freeman, a very good economist at Harvard, wrote a book called The Over-Educated Americans, arguing that we were getting too much education, and that the pay-off wasnt there. But just about the time that this book came out, the trend started to reverse itself. For the last twenty-five years we have had a remarkable expansion in the returns on that kind of investment, especially college education, and in the 1990s, even more so, on graduate education. In the New Economy and our technologically more advanced world, skills conferred by college education have become more important. Although other factors may be at work, there are remarkable returns to be seen now, and its observable in all groups: men and women, whites, African Americans, Hispanics. The second area which has benefited from more recent work is on the macroeconomic aspect of education and other human capital investments-that is the contribution of education to economic growth. The research began with my teacher and colleague Theodore Schultz who also won the Nobel Prize in economics, but it has received further emphasis in the last fifteen years or so years. There have been studies of over one hundred countries and theres hardly a country that has achieved rapid economic growth without significant investments in elementary and secondary schools, and finally in higher education. (The one exception has been oil-rich countries like Arab sheikdoms whose growth has been based on natural resources). LiNE Zine: Gary, what do you see as the role of technology and its place in either facilitating or extending the ability of human capital to be a critical source of value? Is technology really becoming more important, or is that overblown? Becker: I think technology-computers, Intern et, other technologies-are important in many different ways. First, of course, modern economies depend upon modern technology; you couldnt have a modern economy with the technologies of the 19th century. Secondly, these technologies themselves are produced by people with lots of human capital; you need human capital to build and then make effective use of these technologies. One reason that less-developed countries havent adapted more advanced technologies is that they do not have the human capital that allows them to effectively utilize the technology. Finally, the new technologies are going to significantly impact the acquiring of this capital. Education and training and knowledge will experience revolutionary change through distance learning. Today, most learning in schools still takes place in the same way that it did in the time of Socrates: a group of people gather together with a teacher who conveys knowledge. The problem here is that it is costly to gather people together in the same room in the same university. So people are now asking, why not try to utilize the technology so I can learn at work or at home and pursue courses and degrees in this more remote fashion? And by the way, good distance learning is not a video where you just see a professor lecturing. Its got to be more interactive: graphics, back and forth questions, chats with other people involved in the learning experience, and the like. Were just at the beginning of understanding the possibilities. LiNE Zine: Given your interest in market economics, what do you make of the evolving phenomenon of so-called human capital markets on the Internet? Or the idea of making skills more portable, as in current discussions about knowledge workers each having their own skills passports? Becker: Well, I see this beginning to happen, and Id mention two dimensions of the evolution. First we can expect to see more employment exchanges in which jobs and people are being matched on the Internet, matching the right skill to the right demander. That will increase in scale. The second dimension is about the sourcing of skills from lower cost economies; that is only going to grow. Since India is producing some very good software engineers, why not farm out the work there, and have them communicate through the Internet with other people working for the same company? Some may be in South America, others may be in the United States or China. The division of labor will become more and more worldwide and virtual. LiNE Zine: Given the kind of trends you see and weve been discussing, what are the new management imperatives? What should senior executives be thinking about in managing and developing human capital? Becker: Well, a few thoughts-but understand Ive never had to meet a payroll! First, the need to keep updating skills. Given the rate of change in technological progress, theres an ongoing need for investment. Skills dont last a lifetime. They depreciate. Any company has to recognize that not only is the human capital of their employees a major asset, it is also a depreciating asset that needs continuing investment. A finance officer with an MBA in finance from say twenty years ago will not know much about options markets, derivatives, options pricing, and the like. These people need refresher courses, to learn new techniques about the risk management of their companys resources. Its the same in every area: marketing skills, IT skills, how the Internet operates-everyone needs to keep updating skills. LiNE Zine: You made a now famous distinction between so-called generalized knowledge and company-specific knowledge in your work on human capital. Do you still stand behind the different kinds of knowledge, and how does that difference affect planning today? Becker: That distinction is now either explicit or implicit in most literature in the human capital area, and still has a lot of common sense behind it. There are some skills that people acqui re that they can use in many companies, while other skills or knowledge is really highly specific to a particular company or maybe to only a small set of companies. For example, for me, the culture at the University of Chicago is very different from the culture of competitors like Stanford or Harvard; if I were to leave Chicago, I would lose that knowledge and I would have to acquire something comparable at another university. These differences can be found in pretty much all companies now, and the distinction also applies to particular technologies and the knowledge required to apply them. Some technologies are transferable as one moves from company to company; others are specific to how a particular company is organized and run. If you leave that company, that knowledge becomes obsolete. We can observe that when workers leave a particular company, their earnings will often be less; their company-specific skills are not as valuable, and thus they have to start over with new skills in a new company. LiNE Zine: Does that distinction imply that companies should make much greater investment in the company-specific kinds of knowledge? Becker: Yes, I would argue that most investments in learning for employees should be in company-specific knowledge. If workers acquire a general knowledge while employed, theyll benefit more than the company if and when they leave; accordingly, workers themselves should pay for that knowledge through lower wages initially. Companies should be willing to pay for company-specific knowledge because it helps lock the worker into the organization. He or she will earn less from that knowledge in another company. LiNE Zine: Do you believe that in the future workers will be paying for their own general knowledge or taking a lower wage because they are essentially becoming more mobile with those skills? Becker: Absolutely. Ever since my original work, study after study has shown that workers are willing to invest in acquiring gene ral knowledge by accepting lower earnings. And as we said before, we also see workers taking a hit when they move from one company to another when they have acquired company-specific skills. LiNE Zine: A lot of the work that began with yours has equated human capital with knowledge and skills. Two professors, Chris Bartlett of Harvard Business School, and Sumantra Ghoshal of London Business School, have been working on a new management theory of human capital-and they define it as also including so-called social capital (value from relationships) and emotional capital (value from engagement and commitment). What do you make of this fuller definition of human capital? Becker: I certainly think social capital is important; Ive worked on that myself and just came out with a book called Social Economics. Yes, social capital is a form of human capital. When I spoke about corporate culture before I was really talking about social or corporate capital-how people are connected with a company. Social capital as a concept has become very popular in recent years; but it is very difficult to quantify, and emotional capital would be even more so. But they do seem important because they do affect the productivity of individual workers and certainly of companies overall. LiNE Zine: Gary, any closing remarks or advice for our readers, looking ahead to the future? Becker: I would start out with some obvious things that are still sometimes forgotten: the basic resource in any company is the people. Remember Bill Gates famous comment that if you took away the top thirty employees at Microsoft, it would be a pretty ordinary company. And whats true for companies are true for nations as well. In the New Economy, the reliance on people hasnt fallen, but has increased. We are much more a human capital based economy than the economy was even thirty years ago. The most successful companies and the most successful countries will be those that that manage human capital in the most effective and efficient fashion-investing in their workers, encouraging workers to invest in themselves, provide a good learning environment, and yes, include social capital as well as skills and training. I also think the best companies will set up human capital accounting systems. Companies dont have to do that under present tax law because you can expense all your expenditures on human capital, but in order for a company to know more about just what human capital is costing and what the payoff is, they want to track and assess the return on investment. I can also foresee them publicly reporting what they spend and invest in this area. In this age when human capital is such an important form of capital, how could they not want to do that? - Gary S. Becker, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize for Economic Science in 1992, is a Professor of Economics and Sociology at the University of Chicago and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and University. He is recognized for his expertise in human capital, economics of the family, and economic analysis of crime. Source : Talking Human Capital with Professor Gary S. Becker, Nobel Laureate by Brook Manville, https://www.linezine.com/7.1/interviews/gbbmthc.htm